Carter Hoffman

Carter is a Research Associate at Trade Finance Global focusing on the impact of macroeconomic trends and emerging technologies on international trade. He holds international business and science degrees from the European Business School in Germany as well as Brock University and Queen’s University in Canada where he served as the director of operations and finance for the student executive council and as an operations associate for the Queen’s University Alternative Asset Fund. Carter’s work has been featured in publications and articles supported by the SME Finance Forum, managed by the International Finance Corporation, World Trade Organization, and International Chamber of Commerce.

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Surety is a form of guarantee issued by a third party to pay the direct loss suffered by one party in a contract if the other party in that contract breaches their contractual or legal obligations. The organization or person assuming this role as the third party can also be referred to as a surety. Through a surety, the risk of a contracting party defaulting is transferred from the contracting parties to a third party.

This is because the third party assumes the responsibility of paying the debt if the contract the surety guarantees is breached. Typically, this occurs when the contracting party responsible for these obligations becomes insolvent and is therefore unable to make payments. In international trade ventures, sureties are a vital way of giving potential investors confidence that investments into contracts with companies based in international trade and legal jurisdictions are recoverable in the event of insolvency.

Surety – Definition

A surety bond is a legally binding contract entered into by three separate parties. Firstly, the obligee is a party in a two-way contract unsure that their opposite party in the contract will fully meet its terms. In international trade transactions, the obligee is usually an importer looking to import goods from a supplier based in a foreign legal or trade jurisdiction. That supplier, referred to as the principal, is the second party in the contract.

Transacting with international suppliers can create significant risks. For example, if a supplier in a foreign jurisdiction enters into insolvency, many governments put legal protections in place to ensure that firms repay their debts to citizens of the suppliers country before repaying any debts to foreign investors. To mitigate this risk, an obligee may require the principal in a contract to come forward with a surety to reduce this risk.

As the third party in the contract, the surety would provide a surety bond which assumes the risk of the principal not fulfilling their contract with the obligee. If the principal fails to deliver on the terms of the contract, the obligee can then claim against this bond to recover any losses incurred. If the claim is upheld, the surety will pay the value of the bond to the oblige in reparation for the failure, and recover the amount from the principal.

Surety vs Guarantee vs Insurance

A surety is similar to a guarantee; it is provided by a third party to mitigate the risk of a breach of contract by two contracting parties. However, sureties are specific financial products which deal with the breach of a contract (such as its immediate termination due to insolvency). In contract, guarantees take a number of forms in order to mitigate different financial risks created by contracts, such as late performance or failure to make good on a pitch for a contract which has been accepted.

Moreover, a surety has several key differences from an insurance policy. First, a surety is provided on “recourse terms”; if the surety has to pay the obligee for a breach of contract made by the principal, it is entitled to pursue reimbursement from the principal for the amount paid. This means the obligee does not have to expend time and resources recovering the amount owed, but the principle remains liable for the debt whilst the surety recovers it. In contrast, insurance policies agree to pay their owners a fixed fee in the event of a successful claim, with no further financial liability. Second, the fees associated with surety bonds are fees charged for the services provided by the surety (namely, their substantial financial backing). This is in contrast to insurance premiums, which effectively pay towards the cost of an insurer reimbursing insured parties who do claim on their insurance.

History

The United States has required federal construction projects to be underpinned by a surety since 1894.

Example of How Suretys Work

1. Squeaky Clean Inc is a UK-based wholesaler of cleaning products which it imports from several South East Asian countries.
2. Squeaky Clean Inc is approached by a large UK supermarket chain. The chain want Squeaky Clean Inc to sell them an extremely large quantity of cleaning products to fulfil a nationwide contract – far larger than Squeaky Clean’s regular inventory.
3. Squeaky Clean Inc is able to find a supplier in Indonesia, Best Bleach Co, who can fulfil the order and accepts the supermarket’s contract.
4. However, Best Bleach Co requires a large payment upfront for the order, and the supermarket requests Squeaky Clean Inc enter into a performance bond making them liable for financial penalties if they fail to provide the products to them.
5. This exposes Squeaky Clean Inc to large financial risk if Best Bleach Co defaults and fails to repay their pre-payment or provide the goods purchased, as Indonesian insolvency law states that Best Bleach Co must fulfil all its contracts with Indonesian businesses before reimbursing international ones.
6. To mitigate this risk, Squeaky Clean Inc arranges a surety with TFG so that if Best Bleach Co enters into insolvency, Squeaky Clean can be immediately reimbursed the cost of the contract and its performance bond with its supermarket supplier.
7. Unfortunately, Best Bleach Co does enter insolvency and is unable to fulfil the contract. Squeaky Clean Inc files a claim against its surety bond for the value of the bond and is paid reparations by TFG for the financial loss incurred. This allows Squeaky Clean Inc to reimburse the supermarket chain for the failed venture.
8. TFG assumes the liability of Best Bleach Co and pursues them for the value of the payment through the Indonesian legal system.

Advantages & Disadvantages of a Surety

• Provides security for firms engaging in contracts with international entities
• Can attract additional investment from investors assured their money is secured by the surety
• Reduced borrowing costs on trade finance
• The flexibility of fees, terms and surety bond values
• International recognition from importers and exporters
• Clear, limited scope in the event of a specific financial risk realising itself

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