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- Technological disruption: Countries cannot cooperate; technological disruption races ahead of regulation, creating a borderless world for some, but with greater uncertainty and inefficiencies.
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- Sovereignty first: Countries cannot cooperate; prohibitive unilateral barriers lead to inefficiencies, high economic risks and a decline in productivity and innovation.
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- Open International rules: Countries cooperate to address issues through a revitalized WTO and complementary international frameworks.
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- Competing coalitions: Countries cooperate, but are often drawn into competing spheres (US, Europe and China, for example) with regional blocs outside the WTO.